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Harbor of Monaco
Franck Muller
For that next 12 months working the Franck Muller Group has chosen the Principality of Monaco since the background? for its outstanding timepieces. "The World Presentation of Haute Horlogerie Jewellery" normally takes area in the? Grimaldi Forum, Monaco and will be open in the 1st to third October 2010. On account of the success knowledgeable in 2009, the Franck Muller Team has at the time again decided to satisfy the? expectations of individuals who really like Haute Horlogerie by utilizing this presentation to provide every one of the range and expertise? unique to each of its manufacturers - Franck Muller Franck Muller Jewelry, Pierre Kunz, ECW, Alexis Barthelay,? Rodolphe, Backes Strauss, Martin Braun in addition since the two new brand names, Pierre Michel Golay and Smalto? Timepieces. They may introduce visitors to their sensational creations in a very 5000m2 area specifically laid out for the? occasion while in the Ravel Space from the Grimaldi Discussion board, Monaco. This prestigious celebration might be many of the richer for the? additional presence of Cvstos, a younger unbiased Haute Horlogerie brand name applying initial layouts, Orianne? Collins, a model of sparkling and daring jewelry, likewise as Chantecler, which takes its heritage from "Arte? Orafa" inside the spirit of Capri. From winter season chilly towards the light heat of summer season, at Franck Muller the seasons triumph each other and so are never? alike. The Double Thriller Quatre Saisons, very new plus the flagship merchandise from the present, signifies the beauty? of the colors character presents for the duration of its 4 seasonal metamorphoses: Spring,? Summer, Autumn and Winter. The atmosphere of this exhibition will reflect this glorious new item, which the Franck Muller Team will? have the honour of unveiling with the sumptuous Gala Evening on Saturday, 2 Oct, while in the majestic "Verriere"? of the Grimaldi Discussion board, Monaco. Franck Muller:In a lot less than 20 years the Franck Muller brand, established in 1992 from the youthful gifted watchmaker, Franck? Muller, in affiliation with Vartan Sirmakes, a professional in Haute Horlogerie, happens to be a reference in the? Haute Horlogerie earth since of its specialized knowledge and impressive design and style. Today the house has more? than 50 patents, forty four unique boutiques across the world and seven output sites in Switzerland. Numerous otherwise most everyday observers (particularly the final few months) may know Longines greatest because the sponsor of horse racing's Triple Crown. And of course, they'd know Longines superior if California Chrome experienced received. But which is an additional tale. Here we're together with the 2nd of our histories manufacturers from the Swatch Team, which has a stable of 19 replica watch models, together with quite a few ingredient brands. Longines has prolonged been a powerhouse of athletics timing and was well-known again within the day for a maker of pilot replica watches . But we are obtaining ahead of ourselves. Let us go back to the start. Early HistoryThe Swiss watchmaking industry looked much different during the early nineteenth century than it does nowadays. Unique elements were being normally made in relatives residences within the Jura region of Switzerland. Just about every family members commonly specialized on one particular sort of component. As soon as built, these parts ended up gathered by investing places of work known as comptoirs, the equal of present day makes, which were chargeable for assembly and sales. Comptoirs then re-distributed parts to unique watchmakers, again functioning of their properties, for closing assembly. These final assembled replica watches ended up then returned for the comptoirs, who then dispersed them available for purchase. This was the "etablissage" process. AgassizLongines was started in 1832. Founder Auguste Agassiz was properly trained in business enterprise and worked to get a time from the banking industry. In 1832, he and two associates, Henri Raiguel and Florian Morel (who were brothers in law) elected to launch their own individual watchmaking enterprise like a comptoir from the town of Saint-Imier. The partnership acknowledged as Raiguel Jeune Cie. , later to be Longines, was born. Soon after, they recognized their very own assembly facility, as a result commencing their go absent from your comptoir product. Agassiz had important business connections in the usa, which soon grew to become a big market for the assembled replica watches of Raiguel Jeune Cie. , Comptoir. Ultimately the two Raiguel and Morel still left or retired and Agassiz took regulate of the comptoir. He was compelled into early retirement by lousy health in 1850, and brought in his nephew, Ernest Francillon in 1852. Though Agassiz remained a partner right until his demise in 1877, Francillon made many variations and modernizations. In 1866, he ordered land south of Saint-Imier and designed a manufacturing unit within an region recognized as les longines, the very long meadows, from wherever the business inevitably took its fashionable name. In these early times of watchmaking, common actions experienced cylinder escapements and were wound with keys. Nonetheless, Francillon determined from the key-wound mechanism and beginning in 1867, manufactured only replica watches wound by means of the crown. And it had been in 1867 that Francillon introduced in Jaques David to aid put into practice the industrialization which Francillon was so intent on pursuing. David was set in cost from the operation with the new factory the machines and mechanical techniques. Eventually, 1867 was also the calendar year Raiguel Jeune Cie. Turned Longines, named just after all those very long meadows exactly where the new manufacturing unit was situated. In 1876, Francillon sent a delegation headed by David towards the Worlds Good in Philadelphia, there, they saw just what the American watchmaking business experienced performed with manufacturing unit production. The delegation introduced home numerous strategies which were being implemented during the new factory. In 1880, Longines experienced established adequate output capability to move away from its movement suppliers and make all of its movements in-house. Going in to the first 50 percent with the twentieth century,? much of? Longines' renown came from their aviation replica watches and their ongoing accomplishment with sporting activities timers. They ongoing to push their expertise in chronographs to much more and better achievements. Noteworthy calibres and referencesCalibre 20A was the 1st motion manufactured in the Longines manufacturing facility in 1867. This 20-line calibre received an award in the Common Exhibition in Paris that calendar year. It featured an anchor escapement along with a pendant winding and setting mechanism. Cal. 20h Photo Credit score Montre24. comCalibre 20H was Longines 1st chronograph motion, generated in 1868. The central chrono seconds hand was activated commenced, stopped, and rezeroed through the mono-pusher crown. Calibre 19. 73 debuted in 1890. This double-sided chronograph had a conventional two-register dial inside a vertical structure around the front, along with a double-track tachymeter to the again. The Cal. 19. 73N, with its thinner profile, followed in 1909. Finally this calibre was modified to your break up seconds chronograph in 1922. Through the starting of WW II, this style and design was modified having a much more strong hairspring, yielding a frequency of fifty Hz, and thus effective at measuring elapsed the perfect time to 1/100th second. 1936 saw the development of calibre 13ZN. Numerous versions of this patented calibre have been made, some by using a thirty moment counter, other folks by using a sixty minute counter. Cal. 22a photograph credit score ebay person: dominicartinlayCalibre 22A was their to start with automatic motion, introduced in 1945. 1960 saw the incredibly slender Calibre 340, by having an off-center rotor from the 3. 45mm thick movement. This kicked off a complete relatives of recent skinny movements. In 1969, Longines announced its initially quartz motion, the Ultra-Quartz, with an analog display screen. Longines claimed this movement was the very first quartz completely ready for serial production. In 1972 they adopted with an Liquid crystal display electronic display watch,? which eaten significantly less energy than its contemporaries, the LED replica watches . By 1977, the quartz disaster was in full swing, and Longines countered the obstacle with Calibre L990. This was a super-slim computerized with two barrels and just two. 95mm thick. In 1979, Longines arrived out together with the "paper-thin" quartz timepiece, the Golden Leaf. This one particular experienced an analog screen, and measured in at just one. 98mm. The Longines Column-Wheel Chronograph appeared some years in the past, in 2009. Its engine may be the Longines-proprietary ETA calibre A08. 231, which Longines phone calls their L688. Lindbergh's Hour-Angle WatchLindbergh's Hour-Angle replica watch appeared in 1931. It had been determined by an earlier Longines model which place into observe Philip van Horn Weems' concepts for any replica watch to simplify navigation. The Weems replica watch had appeared in 1927, precisely the same calendar year Lindbergh flew solo through the Atlantic. Its major characteristic was a rotatable central dial managed that has a next crown at 4 o'clock. The dial was marked in sixty equal increments to synchronize operating seconds which has a transmitted radio time signal. Lindbergh took what he uncovered on that transoceanic flight, mixed several of Weems' concepts with new capabilities, and advised the brand new replica watch to Longines. The new replica watch was forty seven. 5mm in diameter, and equally the central seconds dial as well as the bezel, calibrated in angular degrees, rotated. The replica watch was employed at the side of a sextant in addition to a nautical almanac to compute longitude. remaining: Linbergh, suitable: WeemsModern versions of equally the Weems Second-Setting watch, as well as Lindbergh Hour-Angle replica watch can be obtained now. Both of those element Longines calibre L699, and the two evaluate in at a traditionally proper 47. 5mm. Participation In Sports activities TimingThe aforementioned Calibre 19. seventy three, which debuted in 1890, was a lot with the foundation for Longines' involvement in timing competitive athletics. This calibre was modified to some split seconds chronograph in 1922 and at some point, was capable of measuring elapsed time for you to 1/100th second using the help of a extra powerful hairspring. By 1938, Longines engineers had been manufacturing a massive 24-ligne (fifty four. 14mm) chronograph movement to be used specifically for sporting activities. The basic principle was greater movement, better precision. Many versions of this calibre followed at the same time, including 1 whose balance oscillated at 50 Hz, allowing timing to 1/100th 2nd. This timer was created in to the nineteen seventies, by then effectively competing with quartz timers. Cal. 19. seventy three picture credit rating: WUS user SeismicEven though Longines created the quartz-based photo-finish program, "chronocinegines" in 1954, sporting activities officers had been a lot more inclined to belief the mechanical timers. As a result, Longines engineers continued to create the split-seconds chronograph throughout the fifties. the end result was the calibre 260. The chrono seconds hand circled the dial in thirty seconds, relatively than 60, which facilitated the calibre's means to time events to 1/10th 2nd. These days, Longines is thought for remaining the formal timer of various equestrian, horse racing, tennis, and gymnastics situations. These include things like the united states Triple Crown, and for tennis functions similar to the French Open up. Longevity Of the LogoLongines winged hourglass symbol is in use in one kind or another because 1867. The present Artwork Deco style version arrived into use in 1942. The model name Longines was submitted with Switzerland's Federal Business office of Mental House in 1880. The logo was registered with the very same business office in 1889. The brand name and emblem were submitted with the United Intercontinental Bureaux to the Safety of Intellectual Assets (which might become the globe Mental Property Organization) in 1893. All in all, this can make Longines the oldest manufacturer title registered with all the WIPO nevertheless in use now. Relationship with ETAFor significantly if its historical past, Longines assert to fame was its advancement of specialized movements. In 1971, Longines was obtained with the ASUAG, 1 on the firms that merged to become SMH and later, the Swatch Group. Right after being acquired by ASUAG, and also the subsequent merger of ASUAG with SSIH, motion manufacture with the new conglomerate was moved to Ebauches SA and afterwards to ETA SA in the event the two consolidated. However, Longines continued to refer to with ETA as well as the end result has become a number of Longines-proprietary actions becoming manufactured over the a long time. You will discover currently four in creation, including the A08. 231 mentioned higher than, with much more waiting around while in the wings. Current ReleasesNotable present releases include the Conquest Common collection plus the Avigation Oversize Crown designs. The Conquest Classic chronographs make use of the L688 movement and hark back again to previously days of classically styled replica watches . still left: Avigation Sort A-7, suitable: Heritage Conquest 1973The Avigation Oversize Crown products are styled pretty significantly within the mildew of nineteen forties fashion pilot replica watches . You can find 3 versions, a three-handed product, a GMT product, in addition to a two sign up mono-pusher chronograph. The Chrono residences the L788 movement, that's also utilised within the classically intended Avigation replica watch kind A-7. The Avigation form A-7 functions a dial rotated into a forty five degree orientation using the lugs with the mono-pusher/crown at the new 12:00. This permits the wearer to possess a better check out of the replica watch without having hand off the steering wheel, stick, or other controls from the vehicle he's piloting. Direction For that FutureLongines' way within the coming many years is, certainly, proprietary. However, this individual Swatch Team manufacturer is in excellent overall health, with amazing new models. A single indicator of the wellness may be the undeniable fact that they continued to increase during the new economic condition in the previous couple several years. Asia and also the U. S. proceed to generally be solid marketplaces for them, and it appears a performed offer that we will be listening to the name Longines for many time to appear. by Ed EstlowReferencesWatchTime Longines Exclusive, Ebner Worldwide Publishing Inc. , Ny, Oct 2012swisswatchguy. blogspot. com/2008/03/from-ebauches-sa-to-eta-sa-75-years-of_15. htmlfundinguniverse. com/company-histories/the-swatch-group-sa-history/longines. com/company/history/19
Harbor of Monaco
Franck Muller
For that next 12 months working the Franck Muller Group has chosen the Principality of Monaco since the background? for its outstanding timepieces. "The World Presentation of Haute Horlogerie Jewellery" normally takes area in the? Grimaldi Forum, Monaco and will be open in the 1st to third October 2010. On account of the success knowledgeable in 2009, the Franck Muller Team has at the time again decided to satisfy the? expectations of individuals who really like Haute Horlogerie by utilizing this presentation to provide every one of the range and expertise? unique to each of its manufacturers - Franck Muller Franck Muller Jewelry, Pierre Kunz, ECW, Alexis Barthelay,? Rodolphe, Backes Strauss, Martin Braun in addition since the two new brand names, Pierre Michel Golay and Smalto? Timepieces. They may introduce visitors to their sensational creations in a very 5000m2 area specifically laid out for the? occasion while in the Ravel Space from the Grimaldi Discussion board, Monaco. This prestigious celebration might be many of the richer for the? additional presence of Cvstos, a younger unbiased Haute Horlogerie brand name applying initial layouts, Orianne? Collins, a model of sparkling and daring jewelry, likewise as Chantecler, which takes its heritage from "Arte? Orafa" inside the spirit of Capri. From winter season chilly towards the light heat of summer season, at Franck Muller the seasons triumph each other and so are never? alike. The Double Thriller Quatre Saisons, very new plus the flagship merchandise from the present, signifies the beauty? of the colors character presents for the duration of its 4 seasonal metamorphoses: Spring,? Summer, Autumn and Winter. The atmosphere of this exhibition will reflect this glorious new item, which the Franck Muller Team will? have the honour of unveiling with the sumptuous Gala Evening on Saturday, 2 Oct, while in the majestic "Verriere"? of the Grimaldi Discussion board, Monaco. Franck Muller:In a lot less than 20 years the Franck Muller brand, established in 1992 from the youthful gifted watchmaker, Franck? Muller, in affiliation with Vartan Sirmakes, a professional in Haute Horlogerie, happens to be a reference in the? Haute Horlogerie earth since of its specialized knowledge and impressive design and style. Today the house has more? than 50 patents, forty four unique boutiques across the world and seven output sites in Switzerland. Numerous otherwise most everyday observers (particularly the final few months) may know Longines greatest because the sponsor of horse racing's Triple Crown. And of course, they'd know Longines superior if California Chrome experienced received. But which is an additional tale. Here we're together with the 2nd of our histories manufacturers from the Swatch Team, which has a stable of 19 replica watch models, together with quite a few ingredient brands. Longines has prolonged been a powerhouse of athletics timing and was well-known again within the day for a maker of pilot replica watches . But we are obtaining ahead of ourselves. Let us go back to the start. Early HistoryThe Swiss watchmaking industry looked much different during the early nineteenth century than it does nowadays. Unique elements were being normally made in relatives residences within the Jura region of Switzerland. Just about every family members commonly specialized on one particular sort of component. As soon as built, these parts ended up gathered by investing places of work known as comptoirs, the equal of present day makes, which were chargeable for assembly and sales. Comptoirs then re-distributed parts to unique watchmakers, again functioning of their properties, for closing assembly. These final assembled replica watches ended up then returned for the comptoirs, who then dispersed them available for purchase. This was the "etablissage" process. AgassizLongines was started in 1832. Founder Auguste Agassiz was properly trained in business enterprise and worked to get a time from the banking industry. In 1832, he and two associates, Henri Raiguel and Florian Morel (who were brothers in law) elected to launch their own individual watchmaking enterprise like a comptoir from the town of Saint-Imier. The partnership acknowledged as Raiguel Jeune Cie. , later to be Longines, was born. Soon after, they recognized their very own assembly facility, as a result commencing their go absent from your comptoir product. Agassiz had important business connections in the usa, which soon grew to become a big market for the assembled replica watches of Raiguel Jeune Cie. , Comptoir. Ultimately the two Raiguel and Morel still left or retired and Agassiz took regulate of the comptoir. He was compelled into early retirement by lousy health in 1850, and brought in his nephew, Ernest Francillon in 1852. Though Agassiz remained a partner right until his demise in 1877, Francillon made many variations and modernizations. In 1866, he ordered land south of Saint-Imier and designed a manufacturing unit within an region recognized as les longines, the very long meadows, from wherever the business inevitably took its fashionable name. In these early times of watchmaking, common actions experienced cylinder escapements and were wound with keys. Nonetheless, Francillon determined from the key-wound mechanism and beginning in 1867, manufactured only replica watches wound by means of the crown. And it had been in 1867 that Francillon introduced in Jaques David to aid put into practice the industrialization which Francillon was so intent on pursuing. David was set in cost from the operation with the new factory the machines and mechanical techniques. Eventually, 1867 was also the calendar year Raiguel Jeune Cie. Turned Longines, named just after all those very long meadows exactly where the new manufacturing unit was situated. In 1876, Francillon sent a delegation headed by David towards the Worlds Good in Philadelphia, there, they saw just what the American watchmaking business experienced performed with manufacturing unit production. The delegation introduced home numerous strategies which were being implemented during the new factory. In 1880, Longines experienced established adequate output capability to move away from its movement suppliers and make all of its movements in-house. Going in to the first 50 percent with the twentieth century,? much of? Longines' renown came from their aviation replica watches and their ongoing accomplishment with sporting activities timers. They ongoing to push their expertise in chronographs to much more and better achievements. Noteworthy calibres and referencesCalibre 20A was the 1st motion manufactured in the Longines manufacturing facility in 1867. This 20-line calibre received an award in the Common Exhibition in Paris that calendar year. It featured an anchor escapement along with a pendant winding and setting mechanism. Cal. 20h Photo Credit score Montre24. comCalibre 20H was Longines 1st chronograph motion, generated in 1868. The central chrono seconds hand was activated commenced, stopped, and rezeroed through the mono-pusher crown. Calibre 19. 73 debuted in 1890. This double-sided chronograph had a conventional two-register dial inside a vertical structure around the front, along with a double-track tachymeter to the again. The Cal. 19. 73N, with its thinner profile, followed in 1909. Finally this calibre was modified to your break up seconds chronograph in 1922. Through the starting of WW II, this style and design was modified having a much more strong hairspring, yielding a frequency of fifty Hz, and thus effective at measuring elapsed the perfect time to 1/100th second. 1936 saw the development of calibre 13ZN. Numerous versions of this patented calibre have been made, some by using a thirty moment counter, other folks by using a sixty minute counter. Cal. 22a photograph credit score ebay person: dominicartinlayCalibre 22A was their to start with automatic motion, introduced in 1945. 1960 saw the incredibly slender Calibre 340, by having an off-center rotor from the 3. 45mm thick movement. This kicked off a complete relatives of recent skinny movements. In 1969, Longines announced its initially quartz motion, the Ultra-Quartz, with an analog display screen. Longines claimed this movement was the very first quartz completely ready for serial production. In 1972 they adopted with an Liquid crystal display electronic display watch,? which eaten significantly less energy than its contemporaries, the LED replica watches . By 1977, the quartz disaster was in full swing, and Longines countered the obstacle with Calibre L990. This was a super-slim computerized with two barrels and just two. 95mm thick. In 1979, Longines arrived out together with the "paper-thin" quartz timepiece, the Golden Leaf. This one particular experienced an analog screen, and measured in at just one. 98mm. The Longines Column-Wheel Chronograph appeared some years in the past, in 2009. Its engine may be the Longines-proprietary ETA calibre A08. 231, which Longines phone calls their L688. Lindbergh's Hour-Angle WatchLindbergh's Hour-Angle replica watch appeared in 1931. It had been determined by an earlier Longines model which place into observe Philip van Horn Weems' concepts for any replica watch to simplify navigation. The Weems replica watch had appeared in 1927, precisely the same calendar year Lindbergh flew solo through the Atlantic. Its major characteristic was a rotatable central dial managed that has a next crown at 4 o'clock. The dial was marked in sixty equal increments to synchronize operating seconds which has a transmitted radio time signal. Lindbergh took what he uncovered on that transoceanic flight, mixed several of Weems' concepts with new capabilities, and advised the brand new replica watch to Longines. The new replica watch was forty seven. 5mm in diameter, and equally the central seconds dial as well as the bezel, calibrated in angular degrees, rotated. The replica watch was employed at the side of a sextant in addition to a nautical almanac to compute longitude. remaining: Linbergh, suitable: WeemsModern versions of equally the Weems Second-Setting watch, as well as Lindbergh Hour-Angle replica watch can be obtained now. Both of those element Longines calibre L699, and the two evaluate in at a traditionally proper 47. 5mm. Participation In Sports activities TimingThe aforementioned Calibre 19. seventy three, which debuted in 1890, was a lot with the foundation for Longines' involvement in timing competitive athletics. This calibre was modified to some split seconds chronograph in 1922 and at some point, was capable of measuring elapsed time for you to 1/100th second using the help of a extra powerful hairspring. By 1938, Longines engineers had been manufacturing a massive 24-ligne (fifty four. 14mm) chronograph movement to be used specifically for sporting activities. The basic principle was greater movement, better precision. Many versions of this calibre followed at the same time, including 1 whose balance oscillated at 50 Hz, allowing timing to 1/100th 2nd. This timer was created in to the nineteen seventies, by then effectively competing with quartz timers. Cal. 19. seventy three picture credit rating: WUS user SeismicEven though Longines created the quartz-based photo-finish program, "chronocinegines" in 1954, sporting activities officers had been a lot more inclined to belief the mechanical timers. As a result, Longines engineers continued to create the split-seconds chronograph throughout the fifties. the end result was the calibre 260. The chrono seconds hand circled the dial in thirty seconds, relatively than 60, which facilitated the calibre's means to time events to 1/10th 2nd. These days, Longines is thought for remaining the formal timer of various equestrian, horse racing, tennis, and gymnastics situations. These include things like the united states Triple Crown, and for tennis functions similar to the French Open up. Longevity Of the LogoLongines winged hourglass symbol is in use in one kind or another because 1867. The present Artwork Deco style version arrived into use in 1942. The model name Longines was submitted with Switzerland's Federal Business office of Mental House in 1880. The logo was registered with the very same business office in 1889. The brand name and emblem were submitted with the United Intercontinental Bureaux to the Safety of Intellectual Assets (which might become the globe Mental Property Organization) in 1893. All in all, this can make Longines the oldest manufacturer title registered with all the WIPO nevertheless in use now. Relationship with ETAFor significantly if its historical past, Longines assert to fame was its advancement of specialized movements. In 1971, Longines was obtained with the ASUAG, 1 on the firms that merged to become SMH and later, the Swatch Group. Right after being acquired by ASUAG, and also the subsequent merger of ASUAG with SSIH, motion manufacture with the new conglomerate was moved to Ebauches SA and afterwards to ETA SA in the event the two consolidated. However, Longines continued to refer to with ETA as well as the end result has become a number of Longines-proprietary actions becoming manufactured over the a long time. You will discover currently four in creation, including the A08. 231 mentioned higher than, with much more waiting around while in the wings. Current ReleasesNotable present releases include the Conquest Common collection plus the Avigation Oversize Crown designs. The Conquest Classic chronographs make use of the L688 movement and hark back again to previously days of classically styled replica watches . still left: Avigation Sort A-7, suitable: Heritage Conquest 1973The Avigation Oversize Crown products are styled pretty significantly within the mildew of nineteen forties fashion pilot replica watches . You can find 3 versions, a three-handed product, a GMT product, in addition to a two sign up mono-pusher chronograph. The Chrono residences the L788 movement, that's also utilised within the classically intended Avigation replica watch kind A-7. The Avigation form A-7 functions a dial rotated into a forty five degree orientation using the lugs with the mono-pusher/crown at the new 12:00. This permits the wearer to possess a better check out of the replica watch without having hand off the steering wheel, stick, or other controls from the vehicle he's piloting. Direction For that FutureLongines' way within the coming many years is, certainly, proprietary. However, this individual Swatch Team manufacturer is in excellent overall health, with amazing new models. A single indicator of the wellness may be the undeniable fact that they continued to increase during the new economic condition in the previous couple several years. Asia and also the U. S. proceed to generally be solid marketplaces for them, and it appears a performed offer that we will be listening to the name Longines for many time to appear. by Ed EstlowReferencesWatchTime Longines Exclusive, Ebner Worldwide Publishing Inc. , Ny, Oct 2012swisswatchguy. blogspot. com/2008/03/from-ebauches-sa-to-eta-sa-75-years-of_15. htmlfundinguniverse. com/company-histories/the-swatch-group-sa-history/longines. com/company/history/19
