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Contrary to what many may think, the concept of coordinated universal time or standard worldwide time is in fact recent: it was imagined by the Scottish-born Canadian engineer Sandford Fleming, who presented it for the first time to the Royal Canadian Institute in 1878. It was not until 1884 that the international community examined it at the International Meridian Conference held in Washington D. C. Fleming's idea was to represent the earth viewed from above, with the North Pole in the centre, and to "cut it up" into 24 slices or time zones, each corresponding to a longitude of 15 degrees. Fleming quite logically chose Greenwich as the 0 or prime meridian of this system and placed it at the centre of a time zone. Working on the basis that it is noon there, one hour is subtracted for each time zone crossed in a westerly direction, and one added when travelling eastwards. The place where the two counts meet (-12 hours/+12 hours), meaning midnight/the international date line, is located on exactly the opposite side of the earth from Greenwich. The meridian line at Greenwich DR From 1884 onwards, the entire world progressively adopted Fleming's concept, although some delayed on this issue, including France that did not introduce it until 1911, having deemed entirely inadmissible the choice of Greenwich rather than Paris as the basis for the system…So what was the situation prior to all this? A multitude of local times, based on observation of the sun. That meant the time could vary by several minutes from one town to the next, even close by. In the United States, for example, there were no less than 115 official local times. So long as the fastest speed of travel on earth was that of the horse, this was not considered a problem and people simply set their replica watch to the time shown on the steeple of the place where they arrived. Fleming devised his system after missing a train in Dublin However, everything changed with the acceleration of means of communication and travel during the 19th century, as illustrated by an amusing incident: on June 23rd 1858, the Geneva-Lausanne railway line with a connection at Coppet was inaugurated with much pomp and ceremony. The train that had left Geneva arrived exactly on time in Coppet, and the train for Lausanne also left exactly on time. However, they never met up, because the organisers had neglected one small detail: the timetable of the former was calculated according to Paris time, and the latter according to that of Bern. The few minutes' difference was enough for them to miss the connection, and that was the end of the intended celebrations, fine speeches and generous banquet! It is indeed said that Fleming devised his system after missing a train in Dublin, because his replica watch still showed the time in Cork. We owe the world-time displays to Louis Cottier Coming back to world-time displays as we know them on the ww. tc model by Girard-Perregaux or on other similar replica watches by various brands, we owe it to a native of Carouge - and not Geneva - named Louis Cottier (1894 - 1966), who patented it in 1935. Cottier used Fleming's system, but explained in a different way: we are all accustomed to maps of the Earth seen not from the Pole, but from the Equator, in an 'orthodromic' manner, meaning proceeding in a natural direction. Thus, when moving left on the map (westward), we are to subtract one hour from each time zone, and add one when moving to the right (eastward). In order to symbolise each of the 24 time zones, Cottier chose the names of well-known cities, rather than numerical indications that are not very meaningful to the average person. Facing the cities, a disc graduated from 1 to 24 performs one full turn of the dial in 24 hours. Finally, so as not to have Greenwich (or London) as the reference city, the bezel or ring bearing the names of the city is of a rotating type, thus enabling users to place as the reference at noon the one that interests them at that particular moment, i. e. the city that symbolises the time zone of the present location. In this way, simultaneously with local time, we can keep track of the time around the world. Thanks to Fleming for the concept, and Cottier for bringing it to life on replica watches …? traveller-ww. tc Girard-Perregaux Willy Schweizer is the Curator of the Girard-Perregaux Heritage
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